Albert Collins Baby What Do You Want Me to Do?

Albert Einstein
Einstein in 1921
Born	(1879-03-14)14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died	18 April 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76) Princeton, New Bailiwick of jersey, United states
Citizenship	Subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg during the German Empire (1879–1896)[note i] Stateless (1896–1901) Denizen of Switzerland (1901–1955) Austrian bailiwick of the Austro-hungarian empire (1911–1912) Subject of the Kingdom of Prussia during the German Empire (1914–1918)[note ane] German citizen of the Costless Country of Prussia (Weimar Democracy, 1918–1933) Denizen of the U.s.a. (1940–1955)
Education	Federal polytechnic schoolhouse (1896–1900; B.A., 1900) Academy of Zurich (Ph.D., 1905)
Known for	General relativity Special relativity Photoelectric outcome E=mc2 (Mass–free energy equivalence) E=hf (Planck–Einstein relation) Theory of Brownian motion Einstein field equations Bose–Einstein statistics Bose–Einstein condensate Gravitational wave Cosmological constant Unified field theory EPR paradox Ensemble interpretation Listing of other concepts
Spouse(s)	Mileva Marić (m. 1903; div. 1919) Elsa Löwenthal (m. 1919; died[ane] [2] 1936)
Children	"Lieserl" Einstein Hans Albert Einstein Eduard "Tete" Einstein
Awards	Barnard Medal (1920) Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Matteucci Medal (1921) ForMemRS (1921)[iii] Copley Medal (1925)[iii] Aureate Medal of the Purple Astronomical Social club (1926) Max Planck Medal (1929) Fellow member of the National Academy of Sciences (1942) Fourth dimension Person of the Century (1999)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics, philosophy
Institutions	Swiss Patent Function (Bern) (1902–1909) University of Bern (1908–1909) Academy of Zurich (1909–1911) Charles University in Prague (1911–1912) ETH Zurich (1912–1914) Prussian Academy of Sciences (1914–1933) Humboldt University of Berlin (1914–1933) Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (director, 1917–1933) German Physical Social club (president, 1916–1918) Leiden Academy (visits, 1920) Institute for Advanced Written report (1933–1955) Caltech (visits, 1931–1933) University of Oxford (visits, 1931–1933)
Thesis	Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)(1905)
Doctoral advisor	Alfred Kleiner
Other academic advisors	Heinrich Friedrich Weber
Influences	Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Bernhard Riemann David Hume Ernst Mach Hendrik Lorentz Hermann Minkowski Isaac Newton James Clerk Maxwell Michele Besso Moritz Schlick Thomas Young
Influenced	About all modern physics
Signature

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born American scientist.^[four] He worked on theoretical physics.^[five] He developed the theory of relativity.^{[3] [half dozen]} He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for theoretical physics.

His famous equation is ${\displaystyle E=mc^{two}}$ (E = energy, m = mass, c = speed of lite (energy = mass × speed of light²).

At the outset of his career, Einstein didn't think that Newtonian mechanics was enough to bring together the laws of classical mechanics and the laws of the electromagnetic field. Between 1902–1909 he made the theory of special relativity to fix it. Einstein besides idea that Isaac Newton'due south thought of gravity was not completely right. So, he extended his ideas on special relativity to include gravity. In 1916, he published a paper on general relativity with his theory of gravitation.

In 1933, Einstein was visiting the United States only in Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power (this is earlier World War II). Einstein, being of Jewish ethnicity, did not return to Deutschland due to Hitler'south anti-Semitic policies.^[7] He lived in the Us and became an American citizen in 1940.^[viii] On the get-go of World State of war II, he sent a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt explaining to him that Germany was in the process of making a nuclear weapon; so Einstein recommended that the U.S. should also brand one. This led to the Manhattan Project, and the U.S. became the starting time nation in history to create and use the diminutive flop (not on Germany but on Japan). Einstein and other physicists like Richard Feynman who worked on the Manhattan Project later regretted that the bomb was used on Nihon.^[9]

Einstein lived in Princeton and was one of the first members invited to the Establish for Advanced Study, where he worked for the residuum of his life.

He is at present thought to be 1 of the greatest scientists of all time.

His contributions helped lay the foundations for all mod branches of physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity.

Life [change | alter source]

Early life [change | alter source]

Einstein was built-in in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany, on 14 March 1879.^[10] His family was Jewish, but was not very religious. However, later on in life Einstein became very interested in his Judaism. Einstein did non brainstorm speaking until he was 2 years old. According to his younger sister, Maja, "He had such difficulty with language that those effectually him feared he would never learn".^[11] When Einstein was around iv years quondam, his father gave him a magnetic compass. He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself and then that it ever pointed north. The needle was in a closed instance, so clearly nothing like wind could be pushing the needle around, and nonetheless information technology moved. And then in this way Einstein became interested in studying scientific discipline and mathematics. His compass gave him ideas to explore the world of science.

When he became older, he went to school in Switzerland. Later he graduated, he got a job in the patent part there. While he was working there, he wrote the papers that first made him famous every bit a great scientist.

Einstein married with a 20-yr-former Serbian woman Mileva Marić in January 1903.

In 1917, Einstein became very sick with an disease that almost killed him, fortunately he survived. His cousin Elsa Löwenthal nursed him dorsum to health. Afterwards this happened, Einstein divorced Mileva in 14 February 1919, and married Elsa on ii June 1919.

Children [change | change source]

Einstein's kickoff daughter was Lieserl Einstein. She was born in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Austria-Republic of hungary on January 27, 1902. She spent her first years in the care of Serbian grandparents considering her male parent Albert did not want her to exist brought to Switzerland, where he had a job offer at the patent function. Some historians believe she died from cerise fever.^[12]

Einstein'due south two sons were Hans Albert Einstein and Eduard Tete Einstein. Hans Albert was born in Bern, Switzerland in May 1904. He became a professor in Berkeley (California). Eduard was born in Zürich, Switzerland in July 1910. He died at 55 years sometime of a stroke in the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich "Burghölzli" . He had spent his life in and out of hospitals due to his schizophrenia.

Afterward life [modify | modify source]

In leap of 1914, he moved back to Germany, and became ordinary member of the Prussian Academy and managing director of a newly established institute for physics of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. He lived in Berlin and finished the General Theory of Relativity in November 1915. In the Weimar Commonwealth, he was politically active for socialism and Zionism. In 1922, he received the Nobel prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric outcome in 1905. He then tried to formulate a general field theory uniting gravitation and electromagnetism, without success. He had reservations about the quantum mechanics invented by Heisenberg (1925) and Schrödinger (1926). In spring of 1933, Einstein and Elsa were traveling in the USA when the Nazi party came to power. The Nazis were violently antisemitic. They called Einstein's relativity theory "Jewish physics," and some German physicists started polemics against his theories. Others, like Planck and Heisenberg, dedicated Einstein.

Subsequently their render to Belgium, because the threats from the Nazis, Einstein resigned from his position in the Prussian University in a alphabetic character from Oostende. Einstein and Elsa decided not to go dorsum to Berlin and moved to Princeton, New Bailiwick of jersey in the United States, and in 1940 he became a The states citizen.

Earlier World War 2, in August 1939, Einstein at the proffer of Leó Szilárd wrote to the U.Due south. president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, to say that the Us should invent an atomic bomb so that the Nazi government could not shell them to the punch. He signed the letter. Notwithstanding, he was non function of the Manhattan Project, which was the project that created the diminutive bomb.^[13]

Einstein, a Jew simply not an Israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in 1952 merely turned it downward, stating "I am deeply moved by the offer from our Country of State of israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept information technology."^[fourteen] Ehud Olmert was reported to exist considering offer the presidency to another not-Israeli, Elie Wiesel, but he was said to be "very not interested".^[fifteen]

He did his enquiry on gravitation at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey until his death on eighteen April 1955 of a burst aortic aneurysm. He was even so writing about quantum physics hours before he died. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Theory of Relativity [modify | alter source]

The theory of special relativity was published by Einstein in 1905, in the paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Information technology says that both distance measurements and fourth dimension measurements change near the speed of light. This means that as 1 get closer to the speed of light (nearly 300,000 kilometres per second), lengths announced to get shorter, and clocks tick more slowly. Einstein said that special relativity is based on two ideas. The beginning is that the laws of physics are the same for all observers that are not moving in relation to each other.

Things going in the same direction at the same speed are said to be in an "inertial frame".

Low-cal from both stars is measured equally having the same speed

People in the same "frame" measure how long something takes to happen. Their clocks keep the same time. Merely in another "frame" their clocks move at a dissimilar charge per unit. The reason this happens is as follows. No matter how an observer is moving, if he measures the speed of the light coming from that star it will always be the aforementioned number.

Imagine an astronaut were all alone in a different universe. It merely has an astronaut and a spaceship. Is he moving? Is he standing however? Those questions do not mean anything. Why? Because when we say we are moving nosotros mean that we can measure out our distance from something else at various times. If the numbers become bigger we are moving away. If the numbers become smaller we are moving closer. To have movement you must have at to the lowest degree two things. An airplane can be moving at several hundred kilometers per hr, but passengers say, "I am but sitting here."

Distance traveled is relative to unlike standards of reference

Suppose some people are on a spaceship and they want to make an accurate clock. At i end they put a mirror, and at the other end they put a unproblematic machine. It shoots i brusque outburst of calorie-free toward the mirror and then waits. The light hits the mirror and bounces back. When it hits a light detector on the machine, the car says, "Count = 1," it simultaneously shoots another short burst of light toward the mirror, and when that light comes back the machine says, "Count = 2." They decide that a sure number of bounces volition be defined as a second, and they make the auto change the seconds counter every time it has detected that number of bounces. Every time it changes the seconds counter it also flashes a light out through a porthole under the machine. So somebody exterior tin see the calorie-free flashing every 2d.

Light clock faster at remainder and slower in motion

Every grade school child learns the formula d=rt (distance equals rate multiplied by time). Nosotros know the speed of calorie-free, and we can easily measure the altitude betwixt the automobile and the mirror and multiple that to give the distance the light travels. So we have both d and r, and nosotros can hands summate t. The people on the spaceship compare their new "calorie-free clock" with their various wrist watches and other clocks, and they are satisfied that they can measure fourth dimension well using their new light clock.

At present this spaceship happens to be going very fast. They run across a flash from the clock on the space ship, and then they see another flash. Just the flashes practice not come a second autonomously. They come at a slower rate. Light always goes at the same speed, d = rt. That is why the clock on the spaceship is not flashing once a second for the outside observer.

Special relativity likewise relates energy with mass, in Albert Einstein's E=mc² formula.

Mass-energy equivalence [change | change source]

Eastward=mc² , too called the mass-energy equivalence, is ane of the things that Einstein is most famous for. It is a famous equation in physics and math that shows what happens when mass changes to free energy or energy changes to mass. The "E" in the equation stands for energy. Energy is a number which you lot give to objects depending on how much they can change other things. For case, a brick hanging over an egg can put enough energy onto the egg to break it. A plume hanging over an egg does non accept enough free energy to injure the egg.

There are three bones forms of energy: potential energy, kinetic energy, and remainder energy. 2 of these forms of energy can be seen in the examples given to a higher place, and in the instance of a pendulum.

A cannonball hangs on a rope from an iron ring. A horse pulls the cannonball to the correct side. When the cannonball is released it will motility back and forth equally diagrammed. It would practise that forever except that the move of the rope in the band and rubbing in other places causes friction, and the friction takes abroad a little free energy all the time. If nosotros ignore the losses due to friction, then the energy provided past the horse is given to the cannonball equally potential energy. (Information technology has energy considering it is upward high and can autumn down.) As the cannonball swings downward information technology gains more than and more speed, then the nearer the lesser information technology gets the faster information technology is going and the harder information technology would striking you if you stood in front of information technology. And then it slows down as its kinetic energy is inverse dorsum into potential energy. "Kinetic energy" just means the energy something has because it is moving. "Potential energy" just means the energy something has because it is in some higher position than something else.

When energy moves from one class to another, the amount of free energy always remains the same. It cannot be fabricated or destroyed. This rule is called the "conservation law of free energy". For case, when you throw a brawl, the energy is transferred from your paw to the ball as you release it. Just the free energy that was in your hand, and now the energy that is in the ball, is the same number. For a long time, people idea that the conservation of energy was all in that location was to talk about.

When energy transforms into mass, the corporeality of energy does not remain the same. When mass transforms into energy, the amount of energy also does not remain the same. However, the corporeality of matter and energy remains the same. Energy turns into mass and mass turns into energy in a style that is defined by Einstein'south equation, Eastward = mc^two.

Pic of Einstein later on winning his Nobel Prize, 1921

The "m" in Einstein'due south equation stands for mass. Mass is the amount of matter there is in some torso. If you lot knew the number of protons and neutrons in a piece of affair such as a brick, then you lot could calculate its total mass as the sum of the masses of all the protons and of all the neutrons. (Electrons are so small that they are near negligible.) Masses pull on each other, and a very large mass such every bit that of the Earth pulls very difficult on things nearby. Yous would weigh much more on Jupiter than on Earth because Jupiter is and so huge. You would weigh much less on the Moon because it is only about 1-sixth the mass of Earth. Weight is related to the mass of the brick (or the person) and the mass of whatsoever is pulling information technology down on a jump scale – which may be smaller than the smallest moon in the solar organisation or larger than the Sun.

Mass, not weight, can be transformed into energy. Another mode of expressing this idea is to say that matter can exist transformed into free energy. Units of mass are used to measure the corporeality of matter in something. The mass or the amount of affair in something determines how much energy that thing could be changed into.

Energy can too exist transformed into mass. If you were pushing a babe buggy at a slow walk and found it easy to push, but pushed information technology at a fast walk and found it harder to movement, then you would wonder what was wrong with the baby buggy. So if you lot tried to run and constitute that moving the buggy at any faster speed was similar pushing against a brick wall, you lot would be very surprised. The truth is that when something is moved then its mass is increased. Human beings commonly exercise not discover this increase in mass because at the speed humans ordinarily motion the increase in mass in almost nix.

As speeds get closer to the speed of light, so the changes in mass become impossible not to notice. The basic feel we all share in daily life is that the harder we push button something like a auto the faster we tin get it going. But when something we are pushing is already going at some large role of the speed of low-cal we find that it keeps gaining mass, so it gets harder and harder to become it going faster. It is impossible to make whatever mass go at the speed of low-cal because to do and then would accept infinite energy.

Sometimes a mass will modify to energy. Common examples of elements that make these changes we call radioactive decay are radium and uranium. An atom of uranium can lose an alpha particle (the atomic nucleus of helium) and become a new element with a lighter nucleus. Then that cantlet will emit two electrons, only information technology will non exist stable however. Information technology volition emit a series of alpha particles and electrons until it finally becomes the element Pb or what we call lead. By throwing out all these particles that take mass it has made its own mass smaller. Information technology has too produced energy.^[xvi]

In most radioactive decay, the entire mass of something does not get inverse to energy. In an atomic flop, uranium is transformed into krypton and barium. There is a slight departure in the mass of the resulting krypton and barium, and the mass of the original uranium, but the free energy that is released by the change is huge. 1 mode to express this idea is to write Einstein's equation equally:

E = (m_uranium – grand_{krypton and barium}) c^two

The c² in the equation stands for the speed of light squared. To square something means to multiply it by itself, then if you were to square the speed of calorie-free, it would exist 299,792,458 meters per 2d, times 299,792,458 meters per second, which is approximately
(3•ten^eight)^two = (9•10^xvi meters²)/seconds^two=
90,000,000,000,000,000 metersⁱⁱ/seconds²
So the energy produced by one kilogram would be:
Eastward = 1 kg • xc,000,000,000,000,000 metersⁱⁱ/seconds²
E = ninety,000,000,000,000,000 kg meters^two/secondsⁱⁱ
or
E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules
or
E = 90,000 terajoule

Near 60 terajoules were released by the atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima.^[17] So about two-thirds of a gram of the radioactive mass in that atomic bomb must have been lost (changed into free energy), when the uranium changed into krypton and barium.

BEC [change | change source]

The idea of a Bose-Einstein condensate came out of a collaboration between Due south. N. Bose and Prof. Einstein. Einstein himself did not invent it but, instead, refined the idea and helped it become pop.

Zero-bespeak energy [change | alter source]

The concept of naught-point energy was developed in Germany past Albert Einstein and Otto Stern in 1913.

Momentum, mass, and free energy [change | change source]

In classical physics, momentum is explained by the equation:

p = mv

where

p represents momentum

m represents mass

v represents velocity (speed)

When Einstein generalized classical physics to include the increase of mass due to the velocity of the moving matter, he arrived at an equation that predicted energy to exist fabricated of two components. 1 component involves "rest mass" and the other component involves momentum, but momentum is not defined in the classical way. The equation typically has values greater than zero for both components:

Due east² = (m₀cⁱⁱ)² + (pc)²

where

East represents the energy of a particle

thousand₀ represents the mass of the particle when information technology is non moving

p represents the momentum of the particle when information technology is moving

c represents the speed of low-cal.

There are two special cases of this equation.

Einstein in his later years, c. 1950s

A photon has no rest mass, but information technology has momentum. (Lite reflecting from a mirror pushes the mirror with a force that tin be measured.) In the case of a photon, because its 1000₀ = 0, then:

E^two = 0 + (pc)²

E = pc

p = Due east/c

The energy of a photon tin can be computed from its frequency ν or wavelength λ. These are related to each other by Planck's relation, Eastward = hν = hc/λ, where h is the Planck constant (6.626×10⁻³⁴ joule-seconds). Knowing either frequency or wavelength, y'all can compute the photon'south momentum.

In the case of motionless particles with mass, since p = 0, then:

E₀ ⁱⁱ = (grand₀c²)² + 0

which is just

East₀ = k₀c²

Therefore, the quantity "one thousand₀" used in Einstein's equation is sometimes called the "rest mass." (The "0" reminds us that we are talking near the energy and mass when the speed is 0.) This famous "mass-energy relation" formula (usually written without the "0"s) suggests that mass has a large amount of energy, so maybe we could convert some mass to a more than useful class of energy. The nuclear power industry is based on that idea.

Einstein said that it was non a good idea to use the classical formula relating momentum to velocity, p = mv, but that if someone wanted to practice that, he would have to use a particle mass thousand that changes with speed:

thou_v ⁱⁱ = thou₀ ² / (i – vⁱⁱ/cⁱⁱ)

In this instance, nosotros can say that E = mc² is besides truthful for moving particles.

The General Theory of Relativity [change | change source]

The General Theory of Relativity was published in 1915, x years after the special theory of relativity was created. Einstein'south general theory of relativity uses the idea of spacetime. Spacetime is the fact that we have a four-dimensional universe, having three spatial (space) dimensions and i temporal (time) dimension. Any concrete event happens at some identify inside these three space dimensions, and at some moment in fourth dimension. According to the general theory of relativity, whatever mass causes spacetime to curve, and any other mass follows these curves. Bigger mass causes more curving. This was a new fashion to explicate gravitation (gravity).

General relativity explains gravitational lensing, which is light bending when information technology comes near a massive object. This explanation was proven correct during a solar eclipse, when the sun's bending of starlight from distant stars could be measured considering of the darkness of the eclipse.

General relativity as well fix the phase for cosmology (theories of the structure of our universe at large distances and over long times). Einstein thought that the universe may curve a little bit in both infinite and time, so that the universe always had existed and always will be, and then that if an object moved through the universe without bumping into anything, it would return to its starting identify, from the other management, after a very long time. He fifty-fifty changed his equations to include a "cosmological abiding," in order to allow a mathematical model of an unchanging universe. The general theory of relativity also allows the universe to spread out (abound larger and less dense) forever, and about scientists think that astronomy has proved that this is what happens. When Einstein realized that expert models of the universe were possible even without the cosmological constant, he chosen his utilize of the cosmological constant his "biggest corrigendum," and that abiding is frequently left out of the theory. However, many scientists now believe that the cosmological constant is needed to fit in all that we now know about the universe.

A popular theory of cosmology is called the Big Bang. According to the Large Bang theory, the universe was formed xv billion years ago, in what is called a "gravitational singularity". This singularity was small, dumbo, and very hot. According to this theory, all of the affair that we know today came out of this indicate.

Einstein himself did not take the thought of a "black hole", but later scientists used this name for an object in the universe that bends spacetime so much that not fifty-fifty light can escape it. They think that these ultra-dense objects are formed when behemothic stars, at to the lowest degree three times the size of our sun, die. This event can follow what is called a supernova. The formation of black holes may be a major source of gravitational waves, so the search for proof of gravitational waves has become an important scientific pursuit.

Beliefs [modify | modify source]

Many scientists just intendance nearly their work, but Einstein also spoke and wrote often about politics and world peace. He liked the ideas of socialism and of having simply one government for the whole globe. He also worked for Zionism, the try to try to create the new country of Israel.

Prompted by his colleague L. E. J. Brouwer, Einstein read the philosopher Eric Gutkind's book Choose Life,^[18] a discussion of the relationship between Jewish revelation and the mod globe. On January three, 1954, Einstein sent the post-obit reply to Gutkind: "The word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human being weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honourable, just still primitive legends which are however pretty childish. .... For me the Jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most kittenish superstitions."^{[xix] [20] [21]} In 2018 his letter to Gutkind was sold for $ii.nine 1000000.^[22]

Even though Einstein idea of many ideas that helped scientists understand the world much meliorate, he disagreed with some scientific theories that other scientists liked. The theory of quantum mechanics discusses things that can happen only with certain probabilities, which cannot exist predicted with more precision no thing how much information we might take. This theoretical pursuit is different from statistical mechanics, in which Einstein did important work. Einstein did not similar the part of quantum theory that denied anything more than the probability that something would exist institute to be true of something when information technology was really measured; he thought that it should exist possible to predict annihilation, if nosotros had the correct theory and plenty information. He once said, "I practice non believe that God plays die with the Universe."

Because Einstein helped science and then much, his proper name is now used for several different things. A unit used in photochemistry was named for him. It is equal to Avogadro's number multiplied by the energy of one photon of light. The chemical element Einsteinium is named after the scientist besides.^[23] In slang, we sometimes call a very smart person an "Einstein."

Criticism [change | modify source]

Well-nigh scientists recall that Einstein'due south theories of special and general relativity work very well, and they use those ideas and formulas in their ain work. Einstein disagreed that phenomena in breakthrough mechanics can happen out of pure gamble. He believed that all natural phenomena have explanations that do not include pure chance. He spent much of his afterwards life trying to find a "unified field theory" that would include his full general relativity theory, Maxwell'south theory of electromagnetism, and perhaps a better breakthrough theory. Most scientists do not think that he succeeded in that attempt.

References [change | modify source]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.i} During the German Empire, citizens were exclusively subjects of one of the 27 Bundesstaaten.

1. ↑ Heilbron, John L., ed. (2003). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modernistic Science. Oxford University Press. p. 233. ISBN978-0-19-974376-6.
2. ↑ Pais (1982), p. 301. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPais1982 (help)
3. ↑ ^{iii.0 3.1 iii.2} Whittaker, East. (1955). "Albert Einstein. 1879–1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. ane: 37–67. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005. JSTOR 769242.
4. ↑ The Nobel Prize biography states "He... remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America... He became a United states of america denizen in 1940".
5. ↑ "Albert Einstein – Biography". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on six March 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
6. ↑ Fujia Yang; Joseph H. Hamilton (2010). Mod Atomic and Nuclear Physics. World Scientific. ISBN978-981-4277-16-7.
7. ↑ Levenson, Thomas (9 June 2017). "The Scientist and the Fascist". The Atlantic.
8. ↑ Paul Due south. Boyer; Melvyn Dubofsky (2001). The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN978-0-xix-508209-8.
9. ↑ Tamari, Vladimir; Feynman, Richard P. (1986). "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!". Leonardo. 19 (4): 350. doi:ten.2307/1578389. ISSN 0024-094X. JSTOR 1578389.
10. ↑ "Albert Einstein – Biographical". nobelprize.org. 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
11. ↑ "Einstein: his Life and Universe" by Walter Isaacson
12. ↑ Albert Einstein, Mileva Marić: The Love Letters, Princeton, N.J. 1992, p. 78
13. ↑ Clark, Ronald Due west. (1984). Einstein:: The Life and Times. Harper Collins. p. 28. ISBN978-0-380-01159-9.
14. ↑ Albert Einstein on his conclusion not to take the Presidency of State of israel
15. ↑ Olmert backs Peres as next president ^{[ permanent dead link ]} Jerusalem Postal service, 18 October 2006
16. ↑ George Gamow, One, Ii, Three...Infinity, p. 170ff
17. ↑ Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-8819, The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions by John Malik, September 1985. Available online at http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Motorcar
18. ↑ Gutkind, Eric (1952). Choose Life: The Biblical Call to Revolt. New York: Henry Schuman Printing.
19. ↑ Randerson, James (2008). "Childish superstition: Einstein's letter of the alphabet makes view of religion relatively clear." The Guardian (May thirteen). Concerns have been raised over The Guardian 's English language translation. Original letter (handwriting, German). Archived 2013-12-09 at the Wayback Machine "Das Wort Gott ist für mich nichts als Ausdruck und Produkt menschlicher Schwächen, dice Bibel eine Sammlung ehrwürdiger aber doch reichlich primitiver Legenden.... Für mich ist die unverfälschte jüdische Faith wie alle anderen Religionen eine Incarnation des primitiven Aberglaubens." Transcribed here and here. Translated here and here. Copies of this letter are also located in the Albert Einstein Athenaeum: 33-337 (TLXTr) Archived 2020-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, 33-338 (ALSX) Archived 2020-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, and 59-897 (TLTr). Archived 2020-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Alice Calaprice (2011). The Ultimate Quotable Einstein. Princeton, New Bailiwick of jersey: Princeton Academy Press, p. 342, cites Einstein Archives 33-337.
20. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (17 May 2008). "Einstein Letter on God Sells for $404,000". The New York Times . Retrieved 8 October 2012.
21. ↑ Bryner, Jeanna (v October 2012). "Does God Exist? Einstein's 'God Letter of the alphabet' Does, And It'south Upwardly For Auction". NBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
22. ↑ "Albert Einstein'south 'God letter' sells for $2.9m". BBC News. four December 2018. Retrieved 10 Dec 2018.
23. ↑ "Einsteinium named afterwards Einstein". Retrieved five December 2008.

• Einstein, Albert and Infeld, Leopold 1938. The evolution of physics: from early on concept to relativity and quanta. Cambridge University Press. A non-mathematical account.

Other websites [change | modify source]

• What Did Albert Einstein Invent?

Albert Collins Baby What Do You Want Me to Do?

Source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein

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